Development of an experimental setup to study features of the electrostatic fields influence on thermal and hydraulic processes in the liquid hydrocarbon fuel and aviation motor oils of the aircraft engines

The paper considers problems of the thermal processes in the fuel and oil cooling and supply channels of the ground-, air-, aerospace- and space-based aircraft engines. Sediment formation is one of the key and dangerous problems causing partial or complete coking of the fuel and oil channels, filters, and injectors leading to various abnormal situations and accidents. Application of the electrostatic fields appears to be a modern and promising method in combating sediment formation. The paper analyzes problems associated with the electrostatic fields’ potential to prevent sediment formation on the metal mesh screens and to overcome these problems using the small mesh sizes. It substantiates the need to design, develop and create an experimental setup for comprehensive study of the electrostatic fields’ potential in the liquid hydrocarbon fuels and aviation motor oils under their natural and forced convection, and various thermodynamic pressure and temperature conditions. The paper presents the developed setup design diagrams and operating sections. It indicates operating parameters and stages of the experimental study, summarizes the preliminary results, and outlines the further promising plans for using this setup.
EDN: NSOENL, https://elibrary/nsoenl

References

[1] Yanovskiy L.S., Dubovkin N.F. ed. Topliva dlya vozdushno-reaktivnykh dvigateley [Fuels for air-jet engines]. Moscow, Izd-vo MATI Publ., 2001. 441 p. (In Russ.).

[2] Dubovkin N.F., Malanicheva V.G., Massur Yu.P. et al. Fiziko-khimicheskie i ekspluatatsionnye svoystva reaktivnykh topliv [Physico-chemical and operational properties of jet fuels]. Moscow, Khimiya Publ., 1985. 240 p. (In Russ.).

[3] Yanovskiy L.S., Ivanov V.F., Galimov F.M. et al. Koksootlozheniya v aviatsionnykh i raketnykh dvigatelyakh [Coke deposits in aviation and rocket engines]. Kazan, Abak Publ., 1999. 284 p. (In Russ.).

[4] Alemasov V.E., ed. Inzhenernye osnovy aviatsionnoy khimmotologii [Engineering bases of aviation chemotology]. Kazan, Izd-vo Kazanskogo un-ta Publ., 2005. 714 p. (In Russ.).

[5] Yanovskiy L.S. Carbon deposition generation in cooling circuits of rocket engines with hydrocarbon fuel. Vestn. Mosk. Gos. Tekh. Univ. im. N.E. Baumana, Mashinostr. [Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Tech. Univ., Mechan. Eng.], 2006, no. 3, pp. 3–15. EDN: HVHBUN (In Russ.).

[6] Yanovskiy L.S., Kharin A.A., Babkin V.I. Osnovy khimmotologii [Fundamentals of chemotology]. Moscow-Berlin, Direkt-Media Publ., 2016. 482 p. (In Russ.).

[7] Bolshakov G.F. Fiziko-khimicheskie osnovy obrazovaniya osadkov v reaktivnykh toplivakh [Physico-chemical bases of sludge formation in jet fuels]. Leningrad, Khimiya Publ., 1972. 231 p. (In Russ.).

[8] Altunin V.A. Issledovanie osobennostey teplootdachi k uglevodorodnym goryuchim i okhladitelyam. Kn. 1 [Study on heat dissipation properties to hydrocarbon fuels and coolants. Vol. 1]. Kazan, Kazanskiy gos. un-t im. V.I. Ulyanova-Lenina Publ., 2005, 272 p. (In Russ.).

[9] Altunin V.A. Issledovanie vliyaniya elektrostaticheskikh i magnitnykh poley na osobennosti teplootdachi k uglevodorodnym goryuchim i okhladitelyam. Kn. 2. Kazan, Kazanskiy gos. un-t im. V.I. Ulyanova-Lenina Publ., 2006. 230 p. (In Russ.).

[10] Altunin V.A., Altunin K.V., Aliev I.N. et al. Analysis of investigations of electric fields in different media and conditions. J. Eng. Phys. Thermophy., 2012, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 959–976, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10891-012-0736-4

[11] Altunin K.V. Increase of life of jet engines operating upon liquid hydrocarbons. Vestnik KGTU im. A.N. Tupoleva [Vestnik of KNRTU n.a. A.N. Tupolev], 2015, no. 1-2, pp. 37–42. (In Russ.).

[12] Altunin V.A., Lvov M.V., Ginyatullin I.A. et al. [Development of fuel-oil heat exchangers for air and aerospace aircraft engines]. Nauchnoe znachenie trudov K.E. Tsiolkovskogo: istoriya i sovremennost. Ch. 1 [Scientific Value of K.E. Tciolkovsky Works: History and Modernity. P. 1]. Kaluga, Eydos Publ., 2020, pp. 216–217. (In Russ.).

[13] Altunin V.A., Altunin K.V., Aliev I.N. et al. Nekotorye puti povysheniya effektivnosti zhidkostnykh reaktivnykh dvigateley letatelnykh apparatov na uglevodorodnykh i azotosoderzhashchikh goryuchikh i okhladitelyakh [Some ways to improve the efficiency of liquid jet engines of aircraft on hydrocarbon and nitrogen-containing fuels and coolants.]. Kazan, Shkola Publ., 2020. 147 p. (In Russ.).

[14] Altunin V.A., Altunin K.V., Lvov M.V. et al. Problems of aircraft engine lubrication systems. Teplovye protsessy v tekhnike [Thermal Processes in Engineering], 2021, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 357–384, doi: https://doi.org/10.34759/tpt-2021-13-8-357-384 (in Russ.).

[15] Altunin V.A. [Analysis of thermal processes in liquid hydrocarbon fuels and refrigerants aircraft engines]. 46 Akademicheskie chteniya po kosmonavtike. T. 1 [46th Academic Readings on Cosmonautics. Vol. 1]. Moscow, Bauman MSTU Publ., 2022, pp. 428–430. (In Russ.).

[16] Altunin V.A., Lvov M.V., Kaskov A.S. et al. [Recording problems in aircraft engines lubricating systems]. Sovremennye problemy raketnoy i kosmicheskoy tekhniki. Sb. nauch. st. 56 nauchnykh chteniy pamyati K.E. Tsiolkovskogo [Modern Problems of Rocket and Space Technology. Proc. 56th Scientific Readings in Memory of K.E. Tsiolkovsky.]. Kazan, Shkola Publ., 2022, pp. 99–113. (In Russ.).

[17] Altunin K.V. Funktsionalno-stoimostnoy analiz gorelochnykh ustroystv i forsunok [Functional cost analysis of burner devices and nozzles]. Kazan, Izd-vo KNITU-KAI Publ., 2020. 154 p. (In Russ.).

[18] Altunin V.A., Lvov M.V., Shchigolev A.A. et al. Calculation of the density of motor aviation MS-20 brand oils at various temperature and pressure. Inzhenernyy zhurnal: nauka i innovatsii [Engineering Journal: Science and Innovation], 2023, no. 2, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/2308-6033-2023-2-2252 (in Russ.).

[19] Altunin V.A., Lvov M.V., Yusupov A.A. et al. Results of experimental study of the thermal processes at forced convection of the MS-20 engine aviation oil. Inzhenernyy zhurnal: nauka i innovatsii [Engineering Journal: Science and Innovation], 2023, no. 6, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/2308-6033-2023-6-2285 (in Russ.).

[20] Altunin V.A., Lvov M.V., Yusupov A.A. et al. Results of an experimental study of the electrostatic fields’ influence on thermal processes in the MS-20 aviation engine oil exposed to its forced convection. Part 1. Inzhenernyy zhurnal: nauka i innovatsii [Engineering Journal: Science and Innovation], 2023, no. 11. EDN: IPBMWS (in Russ.).

[21] Altunin V.A., Lvov M.V., Yusupov A.A. et al. Results of an experimental study of the electrostatic fields influence on thermal processes in the MS-20 aviation engine oil exposed to its forced convection. Part 2. Inzhenernyy zhurnal: nauka i innovatsii [Engineering Journal: Science and Innovation], 2023, no. 12. EDN: HLESWT (in Russ.).

[22] Altunin V.A., Lvov M., Yusupov A.A. et al. Methods for computing the electrostatic fields influence on heat transfer to the MS-20 aviation motor oil exposed to its forced convection. Inzhenernyy zhurnal: nauka i innovatsii [Engineering Journal: Science and Innovation], 2024, no. 7. EDN: KVVODU (in Russ.).

[23] Altunin V.A. Vliyanie kriticheskikh davleniy na teplovye protsessy v zhidkikh uglevodorodnykh goryuchikh i okhladitelyakh [Influence of critical pressures on thermal processes in liquid hydrocarbon fuels and coolants]. Kazan, Shkola Publ., 2020. 209 p. (In Russ.).

[24] Altunin V.A. Svoystva i negativnost osadkoobrazovaniya v dvigatelyakh i energoustanovkakh na zhidkikh uglevodorodnykh goryuchikh i okhladitelyakh [Properties and negativity of sedimentation in engines and power units on liquid hydrocarbon fuels and coolants]. Kazan, Shkola Publ., 2020. 129 p. (In Russ.).

[25] Altunin V.A. Termoakusticheskie avtokolebaniya davleniya v kanalakh dvigateley i energoustanovok [Thermoacoustic autoconvulsions of pressure in the channels of engines and power units]. Kazan, Shkola Publ., 2020. 171 p. (In Russ.).

[26] Altunin K.V. Development of a method for calculating the temperature of a fuel sprayer inner wall with the goal of preventing the deposit formation. Vestnik KGTU im. A.N. Tupoleva, 2020, no. 4, pp. 32–38. (In Russ.).

[27] Altunin K.V. Elaborating new specific parameters of a jet engine. Vestnik MAI [Aerospace MAI Journal], 2020, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 146–154, doi: https://doi.org/10.34759/vst-2020-3-146-154 (in Russ.).

[28] Altunin K.V. R Elaboration of a criterion heat transfer equation of electrostatic fields influence in kerosene medium at free convection and deposit formation. Inzhenernyy zhurnal: nauka i innovatsii [Engineering Journal: Science and Innovation], 2021, no. 1, doi: https://doi.org/10.18698/2308-6033-2021-1-2049 (in Russ.).

[29] Altunin K.V. Development of a chemical simplex of deposit formationon the walls of the fuel supply channels of engines and power plants. Inzhenernyy zhurnal: nauka i innovatsii [Engineering Journal: Science and Innovation], 2021, no. 9, doi: https://doi.org/10.18698/2308-6033-2021-9-2110 (in Russ.).

[30] Altunin K.V. Elaboration of a new calculation procedure of hydrocarbon deposit layer thickness in fuel channels of heat engines and power plants. Inzhenernyy zhurnal: nauka i innovatsii [Engineering Journal: Science and Innovation], 2021, no. 10, doi: https://doi.org/10.18698/2308-6033-2021-10-2119 (in Russ.).

[31] Altunin K.V. Research of electrostatic fields influence on heat transfer at free convection of kerosene. Teplovye protsessy v tekhnike [Thermal Processes in Engineering], 2020, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 403–410, doi: https://doi.org/10.34759/tpt-2020-12-8-403-410 (in Russ.).

[32] Altunin K.V. Development of calculation methods of heat transfer under influence of deposit formation and electric convection in a medium of kerosene. Teplovye protsessy v tekhnike [Thermal Processes in Engineering], 2022, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 325–334, doi: https://doi.org/10.34759/tpt-2022-14-7-325-334 (in Russ.).

[33] Altunin K.V. Elaboration of a criterion equation for forced kerosene motion with a new electric convection number. Vestnik KGTU im. A.N. Tupoleva, 2020, no. 3, pp. 30–33. (In Russ.).

[34] Altunin K.V. Elaboration of electric convection similarity criterions. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Problemy energetiki [Power Engineering: Research, Equipment, Technology], 2012, no. 1-2, pp. 168–171. (In Russ.).

[35] Altunin V.A., Altunin K.V., Abdullin M.R. et al. Some ways to improve engines and energy plants brand "NK". Part I. Teplovye protsessy v tekhnike [Thermal Processes in Engineering], 2021, vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 530–542, doi: https://doi.org/10.34759/tpt-2021-13-12-530-542 (in Russ.).

[36] Altunin V.A., Altunin K.V., Abdullin M.R. et al. [some ways to improve engines and power plants of the "NK" brand on liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon fuels]. Aviatsiya i kosmonavtika. Tez. dok. 20-y Mezhd. konf. [Aviation and Cosmonautics. Abs. 20th Int. Conf.]. Moscow, Pero Publ., 2021, pp. 86–88. (In Russ.).

[37] Altunin V.A., Altunin K.V., Abdullin M.R. et al. Certain ways to the “NK” brand engines and power plants improvement. Part 2. Teplovye protsessy v tekhnike [Thermal Processes in Engineering], 2022, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 9–21, doi: https://doi.org/10.34759/tpt-2022-14-1-9-21 (in Russ.).

[38] Lvov M.V., Yusupov A.A., Altunin V.A. [Results of experimental study of thermal processes in aviation engine oils under natural and forced convection]. 17 Korolevskie chteniya. T. 1 [17th Korolev Readings. Vol. 1]. Samara. Izd-vo Samarskogo universiteta Publ., 2023, pp. 203–204. (In Russ.).

[39] Altunin V.A., Platonov E.N., Abdullin M.R. et al. [Some ways to improve liquid missile engines (100th anniversary of birth academician V.E. Alemasov - dedicated)]. Idei Tsiolkovskogo v teoriyakh osvoeniya kocmosa. Mat. 58-kh Nauchnykh chteniy. Ch. 1 [Tsiolkovsky’s Ideas in Theories of Space Exploration. Proc. 58th Academic Readings. P. 1]. Kaluga, Nasha poligrafiya Publ., 2023, pp. 201–205. (In Russ.).

[40] Altunin V.A., Lvov M.V., Yusupov A.A. et al. [Results of experimental study of thermal processes in the lubrication systems of aircraft engines]. Grazhdanskaya aviatsiya na sovremennom etape razvitiya nauki, tekhniki i obshchestva. Sb. tez. dok. Mezhd. nauch.-tekh. konf. [Civil Aviation at Present Development Stage of Science, Technology and Society. Abs. Int. Sci.-Tech. Conf.]. Moscow, ID Akademii imeni N.E. Zhukovskogo Publ., 2023, pp. 51–52. (In Russ.).

[41] Lvov M.V., Altunin V.A. [Development of the experimental installation for studying the influence of electrostatic fields on thermal processes in motor aviation oils under forced convection]. 46 Akademicheskie chteniya po kosmonavtike. T. 1 [46th Academic Readings on Cosmonautics. Vol. 1]. Moscow, Bauman MSTU Publ., 2022, pp. 458–460. (In Russ.).

[42] Altunin V.A., Lvov M.V., Shchigolev A.A. et al. [Experimental study of thermal processes under forced convection of aircraft motor oils]. V: Sovremennye problemy raketnoy i kosmicheskoy tekhniki [Modern Problems of Rocket and Space Technics]. Kazan, Shkola Publ., 2023, pp. 204–218. (In Russ.).

[43] Altunin V.A., Platonov E.N., Abdullin M.R. et al. [Problems of creation of reusable liquid rocket engines]. K.E. Tsiolkovskiy: klyuchevye idei i sovremennye dostizheniya kosmonavtiki. Mat. 59-kh Nauchnykh chteniy. Ch. 1 [K.E. Tsiolkovskiy: Key Ideas and Modern Achievements of Cosmonautics. P. 1]. Kaluga, Eydos Publ., 2024, pp. 178–182. (In Russ.).

[44] Altunin V.A., Yusupov A.A., Lvov M.V. et al. [Creation of an experimental setup for studying the influence of electrostatic fields on thermal and hydraulic processes in fuel and oil filters of engines of aircraft of air, aerospace and space based]. Sb. mat. 2-go Vseros. nauch.-tekh. foruma po dvigatelyam i energeticheskim ustanovkam imeni N.D. Kuznetsova [Proc. 2nd N.D. Kuznetsov Russ. Sci.-Tech. Forum on Engines and Power Plants]. Samara, Izd-vo Samarskogo un-ta Publ., 2024, pp. 170–172. (In Russ.).

[45] Bologa M.K., Baboy N.F. Influence of an electric field on heat exchange at boiling of organic liquids. Elektronnaya obrabotka materialov, 1967, no. 3, pp. 30–40. (In Russ.).

[46] Baboy R.F., Bologa M.K. Some features of boiling process in an electric field. Elektronnaya obrabotka materialov, 1968, no. 2, pp. 57–70. (In Russ.).

[47] Baboy R.F., Bologa M.K. Teploobmen pri kipenii organicheskikh zhidkostey v elektricheskom pole [Heat transfer during boiling of organic liquids in an electric field]. V: Teplo i massoperenos. T. 2 [In: Heat and mass transfer. Vol. 2]. Minsk, 1968, pp. 197–204. (In Russ.).

[48] Bologa M.K., Grosu F.P., Kozhukhar I.A. Elektrokonvektsiya i teploobmen [Electroconvection and heat exchange.]. Kishinev, Shtiintsa Publ., 1977. 320 p. (In Russ.).

[49] Zhakin A.I. Investigation of electroconvection and electroconvective heat transfer in liquid dielectrics with unipolar injection conductivity. Izvestiya AN SSSR. Mekhanika zhidkosti i gaza, 1988, no. 2, pp. 14–20. (In Russ.). (Eng. version: Fluid Dyn., 1988, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 168–174, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01051883)

[50] Stishkov Yu.K., Buyanov A.V., Lazarev A.S. Simulation of the electrohydrodynamic flow pattern in an asymmetric system of electrodes. ZhTF, 2005, vol. 75, no. 5, pp. 46–51. (In Russ.). (Eng. version: Tech. Phys., vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 576–581, doi: https://doi.org/10.1134/1.1927211)

[51] Stishkov Yu.K., Krasilnikov S.Yu., Chirkov V.A. Investigation of electrohydrodynamic flows in superstrong electric fields. Elektronnaya obrabotka materialov, 2012, no. 48, pp. 26–32. (In Russ.). (Eng. version: Surf. Engin. Appl. Electrochem., 2012, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 312–317, doi: https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068375512040163)

[52] Grosu F.P., Bologa M.K. Peculiarities of electrification of a weakly conducting dielectric liquid in an external electric field. Elektronnaya obrabotka materialov, 2006, no. 4, pp. 37–45. (In Russ.). (Russ. ed.:

[53] Bologa M.K., Kozhevnikov I.V., Mardarskiy O.I. et al. Boiling heat transfer in the field of electric forces. Elektronnaya obrabotka materialov, 2012, no. 4, pp. 44–46. (In Russ.). (Eng. version: Surf. Engin. Appl. Electrochem., 2012, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 329–331, doi: https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068375512040047)

[54] Grosu F.P., Bologa M.K. Electroisothermal convection and its role in the process of heat exchange. Elektronnaya obrabotka materialov, 2008, no. 3, pp. 25–35. (In Russ.). (Eng. version: Surf. Engin. Appl. Electrochem., 2008, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 187–194, doi: https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068375508030046)

[55] Mardarskiy O.I., Bologa M.K. On the mechanism of heat transfer enhancement at boiling in an electric field. Elektronnaya obrabotka materialov, 2009, no. 3, pp. 42–48. (In Russ.). (Eng. version: Surf. Engin. Appl. Electrochem., 2009, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 206–211, doi: https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068375509030065)

[56] Mirolyubov N.N., Kostenko M.V., Levinshteyn M.L. et al. Metody rascheta elektrostaticheskikh poley [Calculation methods for electrostatic fields]. Moscow, Vysshaya shkola Publ., 1963. 416 p. (In Russ.).

[57] Ostroumov G.A. Vzaimodeystvie elektricheskikh i gidrodinamicheskikh poley [Interaction of electric and hydrodynamic fields]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1979. 320 p. (In Russ.).

[58] Vereshchagin I.P., Levitov V.I., Mirzabekyan G.Z. et al. Osnovy elektrogazodinamiki dispersnykh system [Fundamentals of electrogasodynamics of disperse systems]. Moscow, Energiya Publ., 1974. 480 p. (In Russ.).

[59] Petrichenko H.A. Thermal phenomena accompanying electric wind in liquids. Elektronnaya obrabotka materialov. 1973, no. 6, pp. 44–45. (In Russ.).

[60] Savinykh B.V., Gumerov F.M. Svoystva perenosa dielektricheskikh zhidkostey i teplomassoobmen v elektricheskikh polyakh [Transfer properties of dielectric liquids and heat and mass transfer in electric fields]. Kazan, Fen Publ., 2002. 384 p. (In Russ.).

[61] Semenov K.N., Bologa M.K., Vidrashko V.K. Influence of electric field on convective heat transfer in a nonpolar liquid. Elektronnaya obrabotka materialov, 1966, no. 2, pp. 48–52. (In Russ.).

[62] Kozhevnikov I.V., Bologa, M.K. Influence of electrohydrodynamic flows on intensification of heat- and mass-transfer processes: Part 1. Electrohydrodynamic flows and characteristics of single-stage electrohydrodynamic pumps. Elektronnaya obrabotka materialov, 2022, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 58–78, doi: https://doi.org/10.52577/eom.2022.58.1.58 (in Russ.). (Eng. version: Surf. Engin. Appl. Electrochem., 2022, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 350–368, doi: https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068375522040093)

[63] Kozhevnikov I.V., Bologa M.K., Grosu F.P. Influence of electrohydrodynamic flows on intensification of heat- and mass-transfer processes: Part 3. electroconvection and electrohydrodynamic pumps in the cooling and thermostating systems. Elektronnaya obrabotka materialov, 2022, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 34–54, doi: https://doi.org/10.52577/eom.2022.58.3.34 (in Russ.). (Eng. version: Surf. Engin. Appl. Electrochem., 2023, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 59–78, doi: https://doi.org/10.3103/S106837552301009X)

[64] Fedonenko A.I., Zhakin A.I. Experimental studies of electroconvective motion in transformer oil. Magnitnaya gidrodinamika, 1982, no. 3, pp. 74–78. (In Russ.).

[65] Apfelbaum M.S., Yantovskiy E.I. About the force acting from a needle electrode on a weakly conducting liquid dielectric and the currents caused by it. Magnitnaya gidrodinamika, 1977, no. 4, pp. 73–80. (In Russ.).

[66] Kronig R., Schwarz N. On the theory of heat transfer from a wire in an electric field. Appl. Sci. Res., 1949, vol. 1, pp. 35–54, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02120314

[67] Senftleben E., Braun W. Der Einfluß elektrischer Felder auf den Wärmestrom in Gasen. Z. Phyzik, 1936, vol. 102, no. 7–8, pp. 480–506, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01337819

[68] Atten P., Lacroix J.S. Non-linear stability of liquids subjected to unipolar injection. Journal de Mecanique, 1979, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 469–510.

[69] Worraker W.J., Richardson A.T. The effect of temperature — induced variations in charge carrier mobility on a stationary electrohydrodynamic instability. J. Fluid Mech., 1979, vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 29–45, doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112079001762

[70] Castellanos A., Atten P., Velarde M.G. Oscillatory and steady convection in dielectric liquid layers subjected to unipolar injection and temperature gradient. Phys. Fluids, 1984, vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 1607–1615, doi: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.864816

[71] Pontiga F., Castellanos A., Richardson A.T. The onset of overstable motions in a layer of dielectric liquid subjected to the simultaneous action of a weak unipolar injection of charge and a thermal gradient. Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math., 1992, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 25–46, doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmam/45.1.25

[72] Koulova-Nenova D., Slavtchev S. Numerical study of electrohydrodynamic stability of dielectric liquid layers subjected to unipolar injection. Mater. Sci., 1990, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 53–59.

[73] Koulova-Nenova D., Slavtchev S. Electrohydrodynamic stability of two dielectric liquid layers at unipolar injection. Electrostatics, 1991, Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. No 118, IOP Publishing LTD, Bristol, 1991, pp. 317–322.

[74] Chang J.S., Kelly A.J., Crowley J.M. Handbook of electrostatic processes. CRC Press, 2018.

[75] Kelly A. The electrostatic atomization of hydrocarbons. ICLASS-82, 1982, pp. 57–65.

[76] Iranshahi K., Defraeye T., Rossi R.M. et al. Electrohydrodynamics and its applications: Recent advances and future perspectives. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 2024, vol. 232, no. 5, art. 125895, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2024.125895

[77] Shchukin V.K., ed. Teoriya i tekhnika teplofizicheskogo eksperimenta [Theory and technique of thermophysical experiment]. Moscow, Energoatomizdat Publ., 1985. 360 p. (In Russ.).